In 1864, the Solvay process was developed to make soda ash. One step in the process is represented by the balanced equation below.
NaCl + NH3 + CO2 + H2O → NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
Write the chemical formula for one compound in the equation that contains both ionic bonds and covalent bonds. Explain, in terms of electronegativity difference, why the bond between hydrogen and oxygen in a water molecule is more polar than the bond between hydrogen and nitrogen in an ammonia molecule. In the space in your answer booklet, draw a Lewis electron-dot diagram for the reactant containing nitrogen in the equation.

Covalent bond is the bond in which sharing of electrons takes place between two atoms combining. These compounds do not dissociate into its ions when mixed in water.

Ionic bond is the bond when there is complete sharing of electrons taken place between the two atoms combining. These compounds dissociate into its respective ions when mixed in water.

For the given chemical reaction:

[tex]NaCl+NH_3+CO_2+H_2O\rightarrow NaHCO_3+NH_4Cl[/tex]

[tex]NaHCO_3\text{ and }NaCl[/tex] are ionic compounds and [tex]NH_4Cl[/tex] is a covalent compound.

In [tex]NaHCO_3[/tex], ionic bond is present between sodium and bicarbonate ions. But covalent bond is present between the atoms of bicarbonate ions. Covalent bonds are present between C=O, C-O-H, and C-O(-) atoms.

For 2:

The difference in electronegativity of the elements forming a compound can easily tell us about the polarity of the compound.

More the electronegativity difference, more polar will be the molecule and vice-versa.

Electronegativity of elements:

Hydrogen: 2.2

Oxygen: 3.44

Nitrogen: 3.04

Electronegativity difference of hydrogen and oxygen = (3.44 - 2.2) = 1.24

Electronegativity difference of hydrogen and nitrogen = (3.04 - 2.2) = 0.84

As, we can see that electronegativity difference of oxygen and hydrogen is more, hence the bond between them will be more polar. Hence, water is more polar than nitrogen.

For 3:

Lewis dot structures are the structures which shows the number of valence electrons around an element. For a compound, it shows the number of bonded and non-bonded electrons around each element.

The reactant which contain nitrogen in it is [tex]NH_3[/tex] and the lewis dot structure of it is shown in the image attached.