The geographical mechanism by which Islam expanded from its hearth is best explained by the claim that it did so hierarchically in the west by conquest and in the east by missionary migration on trade routes. The right response in this case is option C.
The mosques in Morocco and China show how Islam migrated from its birthplace in modern-day Saudi Arabia to the eastern and western parts of the Middle East.
By conquest and movement of missionaries along trade routes to the south, east, and southeast, Islam expanded hierarchically to the western parts of the Middle East and to the east.
Islam moved out of Mecca and throughout the Middle East, Central Asia, and North Africa. Any phenomenon, notion, illness, or thought that spreads across a population through space and time might be subject to the geographic principle of spatial diffusion.
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