An illustration of facilitation occurs when the population of a fern that competes with the flower decreases, allowing the fern's population to grow.
After an earthquake or volcanic eruption, lichens break down the rocks to produce new, nutrient-rich soils. This process is known as primary succession. Pioneer species are the first species that settle a region following a significant disturbance; they contribute to shaping the new ecosystem.
Annual forbs and grasses will start to colonize the field if no management or further disturbance is introduced and it is allowed to rest. These plants are referred to as pioneer species.
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