When Chicago experienced very high rates of cholera and typhoid fever in the mid-1800s, who primarily defined and developed solutions to the problems?a. the state level environmental protection agencyb. public health officials and engineersc. environmental scientists and lawyersd. the federal level environmental protection agency2 pointsQUESTION 42Which statement is accurate regarding cost control in countries other than the U.S.?a. Each payer tries to negotiate better prices by threatening to take its business to other providers of care.b. Most hospitals and physicians collect revenues from many payers on many different terms.c. Providers of care are encouraged to buy new equipment and expand their facilities to increase costs and revenues.d. If there are multiple payers, the terms of payment from each payer is much the same.2 pointsQUESTION 43The relative importance of each decision heuristic tends to shift as issues evolve over time. Often the last to become salient is ____.a. comparison by analogyb. substitutionc. comparison by metaphord. categorization2 pointsQUESTION 44Looking at health care in other countries can ____.a. provide caution against believing a problem can be easily solvedb. always increase the possible solutions to a policy problemc. prove which health care system is best in terms of qualityd. establish precise cause and effect relationships in U.S. policies2 pointsQUESTION 45The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that "new and stronger evidence [demonstrates] that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to ____."a. human activitiesb. developing countriesc. the natural exchange of carbon dioxide among the atmosphere, the oceans, and land vegetationd. industrial growth in China