What is the primary mechanism by which eukaryotes control transcription during cellular differentiation?

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11-08-2022
Biology

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What is the primary mechanism by which eukaryotes control transcription during cellular differentiation?

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Vickynehra Vickynehra · Answer 1 · 2022-08-21T23:00:50+02:00

Eukaryotic gene expression is predominantly regulated at the transcriptional initiation stage. Proteins that bind to particular regulatory regions (such as promoters) and modify the activity of RNA polymerase regulate transcription in eukaryotic cells.

For example, in herpes thymidine kinase promoter's relatively straightforward structure of CCAAT and GC boxes, many genes in mammalian cells are regulated by sequences that are farther away (often more than 10 kilobases) from the transcription start point. These sequences, referred to as enhancers, were first discovered in the SV40 viral promoter.

For effective transcription from this promoter, two 72-base-pair repeats located further upstream are necessary for addition to a TATA box and a set of six GC boxes. Surprisingly, neither the distance from nor the orientation in relation to the transcription start site had an effect on the activity of these sequences, which were discovered to induce transcription from additional promoters in addition to that of SV40.

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