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The methods that alter allele frequencies throughout time include natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. A population violates the Hardy-Weinberg presumptions when one or more of these forces are present, and evolution takes place.
The relative frequency of an allele (gene variant) at a certain locus in a population is known as allele frequency, also known as gene frequency, and is expressed as a fraction or percentage. The percentage of chromosomes in the population that carry that allele relative to the whole population.
Natural selection happens when people with a particular genotype have a higher chance of surviving, reproducing, and passing on their alleles to the following generation than individuals with a different genotype. Natural selection must take place if the following circumstances are true, according to Charles Darwin's (1859) argument in On the Origin of Species: Within a population, there is diversity in some traits among individuals.
This variant is inherited (i.e., there is a genetic basis to the variation, such that offspring tend to resemble their parents in this trait).
This trait's variance is linked to fitness variation (the average net reproduction of individuals with a given genotype relative to that of individuals with other genotypes).
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