The rhetorical device that the speaker uses is A. Antithesis
This is shown as the meaning of antithesis means the negation of a previously mentioned proposition by contrasting it for added effect, especially when making narration.
This refers to the use of negation to make a contrast to a previously mentioned proposition in a given sentence.
Hence, we can see that based on the given sentence, "We do not say that a man who takes no interest in politics is a man who minds his own business; we say that he has no business here at all"
Antithesis is used here to "flip" the proposition about minding their business and having no business of a man with no interest in politics.
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