Based on contextual analysis and the available options, the purpose of the phrase "establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, [and] provide for the common defense" in the Constitution's preamble is "To explain that the U.S. government must protect its people."
This is evident in the fact that justice, tranquility, and defense are all forms or means of protection.
Thus, the quoted part of the preamble states that the people in their bid to form a perfect union (government) must protect their people by establishing justice, tranquility, and defense.
Hence, in this case, it is concluded that the correct answer is option C. "To explain that the U.S. government must protect its people."
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