Answer:
viii
5
Learning to Write in a Second Language and Culture 96
Some Challenges for EL Learners
97
What Is a Genre?
98
The Genres of School
102
Explicit Teaching About Writing
108
The Teaching and Learning Cycle
109
Additional Scaffolding for Young Learners and EL Beginners
121
A Scaffolded Approach to Writing
125
Assessing Students’ Writing: What Their Texts Can Tell Us
126
In Summary
133
To Think About
134
Suggestions for Further Reading
134
6
Reading in a Second Language and Culture:Barriers and Bridges 135
The Process of Reading
136
Reader Roles
140
Implications for EL Learners
143
Developing Phonemic Awareness: How Listening and Reading Interact
169
Building on Phonemic Awareness: Developing Phonic Knowledge
172
Choosing Books: A Reason for Turning the Page
175
In Summary
179
To Think About
180
Suggestions for Further Reading
180
7
Listening: An Active and Thinking Process 182
Making Sense of What We Hear
183
Types of Listening
186
Implications for Teaching
188
Focusing on the Sounds of English
198
In Summary
203
To Think About
204
Suggestions for Further Reading
204
ix
8
Developing an Integrated Curriculum: Learning Language,Learning Through Language, and Learning AboutLanguage 206
Why Integrate?
207
Integrating Language and Subject Learning: What Do We Need to Know?
210
Selecting Language-Based Activities for the Unit
218
Summarizing and Documenting Subject and Language Outcomes
220
Learning About Language
224
In Summary
229
A Final Word
230
To Think About
231
Suggestions for Further Reading
232
GLOSSARY OF TEACHING ACTIVITIES
233
REFERENCES
243
INDEX
252
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Acknowledgments
My thanks to the hundreds of teachers and students with whom I have workedover many years, in Australia and across the world. Thank you for sharing yourclassrooms with me. I have learned much from your practices and been chal-lenged by your questions.Thank you to the many colleagues I have worked with, for the researchwe have shared, and for your ongoing and loyal friendship.My special thanks to my wonderful and ever-patient editor, Holly KimPrice, and to Vicki Kasabian and the production team at Heinemann. I have,as always, appreciated your collaborative approach in the production of thi
Explanation:
The introduction must do five things: (1) it provides background to the situation; (2) it identifies the problem; (3) it argues that the problem needs to be solved; (4) it summarizes the solution; (5) it establishes the writer's credibility
