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Subatomic particle, also called elementary particle, any of various self-contained units of matter or energy that are the fundamental constituents of all matter. Subatomic particles include electrons, the negatively charged, almost massless particles that nevertheless account for most of the size of the atom, and they include the heavier building blocks of the small but very dense nucleus of the atom, the positively charged protons and the electrically neutral neutrons. But these basic atomic components are by no means the only known subatomic particles. Protons and neutrons, for instance, are themselves made up of elementary particles called quarks, and the electron is only one member of a class of elementary
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because it is
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Theory. At each interval on the timeline, scientists made observations and conducted experiments to explain how atoms and/or subatomic particles behaved in order to determine atomic structure. Let's take one example: Rutherford's gold foil experiment. Based on observing the behavior of alpha particles directed at a gold foil screen, Rutherford determined that an atom consisted of mostly empty space, with all of its positive charge concentrated in its center in a very tiny volume, surrounded by a cloud of electrons. Yet, further experimentation eventually lead to another model and another theory of atomic structure.