Cellular differentiation involves the modification of the tridimensional (3D) genome organization. During this process, chromosomes adopt specific arrangements that enable the differential expression of certain genes and repression of certain other genes.
Chromosomes are linear segments of DNA that contain part of the genome of an organism. The genome of a cell includes all the chromosomes that contain that cell.
During cell specialization, successive rounds of cell divisions (mitosis) modify the three-dimensional (3D) genome organization.
The modification of the 3D genome (chromosome) organization alters the accessibility of transcription factors and thus modifies gene expression depending on the cell type.
For example, in a fully differentiated skin cell, certain genes associated with the production of keratin are expressed. Conversely, in a differentiated muscle cell, genes associated with the synthesis of myosin and actin are expressed.
In conclusion, the process of cellular differentiation involves differential expression of certain genes and repression of certain other genes.
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