30-year-old Armand feels compelled to save objects that others might throw away. He is afraid that he will discard something he later will need, so his home is filled with old newspapers, empty boxes, worn-out clothing, antiquated computer equipment, and even the seeds from the fruit and vegetables he has eaten. Armand’s neighbors have complained to the homeowner’s association because, out of space inside, he has been storing some things outside his home. He is embarrassed by his need to hoard objects, but he is overcome by dread if he tries to throw things away. Based on this information, Armand may have a(n)

a. dissociative disorder
b. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
c. learned helplessness.
d. schizophrenia.
e. bipolar disorder.