The correct answer is C) disenfranchisement.
All of the aforementioned things were used to stop African Americans from voting between 1865-1965. The grandfather clause stated that if your grandfather did not vote in the last election, then you could not vote. This was aimed at newly freed African American men after the Civil War, as none of their ancestors were able to vote.
Poll taxes were a certain sum of money that people had to pay in order to vote. Lastly, literacy tests were written exams that people had to pass in order to vote in elections. Again, this disproportionately hurt African Americans because before the Civil War it was illegal to educate a black person in many Southern states.
