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In 1945, Castro began the study of law in Cuba's capital, Havana. While at law school, he became involved in revolutionary activities.
After graduating from law school, Castro joined a reformist political party and ran for a seat in the Cuban House of Representatives. However, just before the elections, an army general named Fulgencio Batista overthrew the government and grabbed power for himself.

Son of a wealthy farmer, Castro adopted left-wing anti-imperialist policy while studying law at the University of Havana. After participating in rebellions against right-wing governments in the Dominican Republic and Colombia, he planned the overthrow of Cuban President Fulgencio Batista, launching a failed attack on the Moncada Barracks in 1953. After a year in prison, he traveled to Mexico where he formed a revolutionary group, the 26th of July Movement, with his brother Raúl Castro and Che Guevara. Returning to Cuba, Castro assumed a fundamental role in the Cuban Revolution, leading the movement in a guerrilla against the forces of Batista in the Sierra Maestra. After Batista's defeat in 1959, Castro assumed military and political power as Cuba's prime minister.