Steele rejects affirmative action as a legitimate form of reparation because there is nothing that whites can do to repay people of color for the historical suffering they have endured. What is Steele's reason for rejecting affirmative action as a form of reparation?
1) Affirmative action is not an effective solution to address historical suffering
2) Whites are unable to repay people of color for their historical suffering
3) Affirmative action is not a legitimate form of reparation
4) There are other more effective forms of reparation