HELPPPPP PLEASEEEEE

Which of the following was NOT a long-term effect of the creation of the Mongol states shown in the map?

a. A negative demographic impact resulting from the spread of disease from east Asia to west Asia and Europe

b. The spread of Islam from its heartland in the Middle East to the Indian Ocean region

c. The widespread adoption of firearms by states in the Middle East and Western Europe

d. Environmental degradation caused by the destruction of farmland and forests