Many biological structures are composed of smaller units assembled into more complex structures having functions based on their structural organization. For the following complex structures, describe the smaller units, their assembly into the larger structures, and one major function of these larger, organized structures.

A eukaryotic chromosome

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esmeraldamagdalenoay esmeraldamagdalenoay

11-04-2020
Biology

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Many biological structures are composed of smaller units assembled into more complex structures having functions based on their structural organization. For the following complex structures, describe the smaller units, their assembly into the larger structures, and one major function of these larger, organized structures.

A eukaryotic chromosome

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monica789412 monica789412 · Answer 1 · 2020-04-20T08:08:17+02:00

DNA is the smaller unit of heredity which is stored in genes on chromosome in eukaryote. The chromatin structure of chromosome makes it fit into nucleus. The chromosomes carry genes on them which pass on the genetic information to offsprings.

Explanation:

Eukaryotic chromosome is condensed into a compact structure in the nucleus of the cell. This structure is chromatin.

Nucleosome is the subunit of chromatin fibres which are wrapped around by histone proteins or octomers.

Chromosomes have long sequence of DNA in it which has genetic information.

There are 23 chromosomes in human (eukaryotes)

The tight packed form of DNA is heterochromatin. It mainly consist of low density of genes, repetitive sequences and transposable elements.

It protects the chromosome's integrity.

The DNA in the chromosome consists of exon and intron. Exons are the coding sequences and introns are non-coding sequences. Introns are removed by RNA splicing to prevent the disturbance in translation.

There are regulatory sequences on the genes which are responsible for the expression of particular gene. This maintains the correct amount of protein in the cell.

luisvaschetto luisvaschetto · Answer 2 · 2021-09-27T22:05:21+02:00

The primary components of a eukaryotic chromosome are nucleic acid (DNA) and proteins (histones).

A eukaryotic chromosome is a long molecule of DNA associated with proteins, especially histone proteins.

The DNA molecule is a double helix composed of monomers called nucleotides (i.e., each helix is a polynucleotide).

The DNA molecule has a diameter of approximately 2.5 nanometers (nm).

Subsequently, approximately 146 base pairs (bp) of nucleotides in DNA associate with a histone octamer, i.e., H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (two subunits of each) in order to form a nucleosome.

The nucleosome is the basic unit of chromatin. A nucleosome has a diameter of approximately 11 nm.

Nucleosomes then fold up to form a 30 nm chromatin fiber.

Subsequently, the chromatin fibers form loops that have a length of 300 nm.

Finally, a chromosome assumes its most compacted state during cell division (i.e., metaphase).

A metaphase chromosome has a total diameter of 1400 nm.

In conclusion, monomers of nucleotides in DNA associate with histone proteins to form nucleosomes. Nucleosomes subsequently form chromatin fibers and then these fibers condense to result in structures of a higher level of organization.

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